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Foreign trade regulation --- Digital media --- Electronic commerce --- Government policy --- World Trade Organization --- Electronic commerce - Government policy

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The OECD is developing a strategic response to the crisis focusing on two priority areas: finance, competition and governance; and restoring long-term growth. As part of this strategic response, the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (DSTI) has analysed the likely impact of the downturn on the drivers of long term economic growth and the innovation-related items in policy responses of major countries. Special workshops and sessions on the economic crisis were held by the Committee for Innovation, Industry and Entrepreneurship, the Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy, and the Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy. In January 2009, the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry circulated a questionnaire to member countries to collect information on specific innovation-related items of their stimulus packages. By May 2009, 27 member countries, all five OECD accession countries (Chile, Estonia, Israel, Russia and Slovenia) and South Africa had answered the questionnaire. In May 2009, the three OECD Committees recommended to make public, under their responsibility, this updated version. This report presents the results of this exercise: the first chapter reports the general analysis of the impact of the crisis and the appropriate policy responses, and the second chapter reviews current national responses.

Science and Technology

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Universities and public research institutes play a key role in enabling the application of scientific breakthroughs and innovations in the marketplace. Many countries - developed and developing alike - have implemented national strategies to support the application or commercialization of knowledge produced by public research organizations. Universities and public research institutes have introduced practices to support these activities, for instance by including knowledge transfer to promote innovation as a core part of their mission. As a result, a vital question for policymakers is how to improve the efficiency of these knowledge transfer practices to help maximize innovation-driven growth and/or to seek practical solutions to critical societal challenges. This book aims to develop a conceptual framework to evaluate knowledge transfer practices and outcomes; to improve knowledge transfer metrics, surveys and evaluation frameworks; and to generate findings on what works and what does not, and to propose related policy lessons. This book is also available as Open Access.

Academic spin-outs. --- Technological innovations. --- Research institutes. --- Research, Industrial. --- Political planning. --- Planning in politics --- Public policy --- Planning --- Policy sciences --- Politics, Practical --- Public administration --- Institutes, Research --- Research centers --- Think tanks --- Universities and colleges --- Learned institutions and societies --- Academic spin-offs --- Spin-offs, Academic --- Spin-outs, Academic --- Technology transfer --- Contract research --- Industrial research --- Research --- Engineering experiment stations --- Inventions --- Technological innovations --- Breakthroughs, Technological --- Innovations, Industrial --- Innovations, Technological --- Technical innovations --- Technological breakthroughs --- Technological change --- Creative ability in technology --- Domestication of technology --- Innovation relay centers --- Research, Industrial --- Research institutes --- research. --- innovation. --- knowledge transfer. --- research body. --- university. --- trasferiment tal-għarfien --- zināšanu pārnese --- trasferimento di conoscenze --- teadmussiire --- kennisoverdracht --- transferência de conhecimentos --- intercambio de conocimientos --- prenos znanja --- předávání znalostí --- tudástranszfer --- Wissenstransfer --- aistriú eolais --- kunskapsöverföring --- prenos poznatkov --- transfer wiedzy --- vidensoverførsel --- žinių perdavimas --- tietämyksen siirto --- prijenos znanja --- трансфер на знания --- transfer de cunoștințe --- μεταφορά γνώσεων --- transfert de connaissances --- prenos vedomostí --- knowledge sharing --- transfer znalostí --- prenos znalostí --- osaamisen siirto --- KTE --- přenos znalostí --- innovation --- innovaatio --- innovazione --- novinka --- inovație --- innovazzjoni --- иновация --- innovatsioon --- innowacja --- jaunievedums --- innovación --- vernieuwing --- καινοτομία --- inovácia --- inovação --- иновација --- nuálaíocht --- Innovation --- innováció --- risi --- inovacija --- τεχνολογική καινοτομία --- teknologisk fornyelse --- industrielle Innovation --- technologische Innovation --- technológiai innováció --- inovação tecnológica --- innovación industrial --- innovación tecnológica --- risi industriale --- naujovė --- βιομηχανική καινοτομία --- technologische vernieuwing --- industrijska inovacija --- innovazione industriale --- tehnoloogiline innovatsioon --- priemyselná inovácia --- technologijos naujovė --- technologická inovácia --- innovation technologique --- teollinen innovaatio --- tehnoloģisks jauninājums --- fornyelse --- risi teknologjike --- inovație industrială --- teknisk innovation --- innovation industrielle --- teknologinen innovaatio --- teknologisk innovation --- industriell innovation --- technological innovation --- pramoninė naujovė --- industrial innovation --- технолошка иновација --- innovazione tecnologica --- průmyslová novinka --- tööstusinnovatsioon --- technická novinka --- tehnološka inovacija --- industriel innovation --- ipari innováció --- inovação industrial --- rūpniecisks jauninājums --- innovazione scientifica --- inovație tehnologică --- pētniecība --- badania --- истраживање --- έρευνα --- moksliniai tyrimai --- riċerka --- investigación --- cercetare --- kërkim --- ricerca --- výskum --- výzkum --- истражување --- raziskave --- istraživanje --- investigação --- taighde --- kutatás --- uurimine --- tutkimus --- research --- forskning --- изследване --- Forschung --- recherche --- pesquisa --- ricerca sperimentale --- πανεπιστήμιο --- universitate --- sveučilište --- univerzita --- universitetas --- egyetem --- korkeakoulu --- универзитет --- Universität --- uniwersytet --- università --- akadēmiskā augstskola --- universitet --- universiteit --- ülikool --- universidad --- ollscoil --- université --- университет --- universidade --- univerza --- universitāte --- πανεπιστημιακές σπουδές --- universitetsinstitution --- istituto universitario --- învățământ universitar --- universitetinis lavinimas --- ensino universitário --- formazione universitaria --- sveučilišno obrazovanje --- pregătire universitară --- magisterské studium --- polütehniline instituut --- università privata --- πανεπιστημιακή εκπαίδευση --- arsim universitar --- приватен универзитет --- universitetinis institutas --- università pubblica --- univerzitní vzdělání --- sveučilišni institut --- egyetemi képzés --- univerzitný ústav/fakulta --- egyetemi szintű képzés --- trajnim universitar --- enseñanza universitaria --- yliopiston laitos --- politehnică --- polytechnic --- institut universitaire --- univerzitné vzdelávanie --- universitetsutbildning --- universitaire instelling --- ülikooli instituut --- ülikooliharidus --- politeknik --- formación universitaria --- institut universitar --- formation universitaire --- university training --- formação universitária --- високообразовна установа --- fakulta --- university institute --- főiskola --- univerzitná príprava --- universitair onderwijs --- akademisk utbildning --- universitaire opleiding --- főiskolai képzés --- university education --- instituto universitario --- istruzione universitaria --- augstskolas institūts --- universitetinės studijos --- enseignement universitaire --- polytekninen oppilaitos --- augstskolas izglītība --- polytechnika --- politechnikos kolegija --- државен универзитет --- instituto universitário --- yliopisto-opetus --- bakalářské studium --- politehnikums --- raziskovalna organizacija --- uurimisasutus --- výskumné pracovisko --- organism de cercetare --- organ kërkimi --- centro di ricerca --- organismo de investigação --- истражувачко тело --- centro de investigación --- pētniecības organizācija --- onderzoeksorganisme --- korp tar-riċerka --- οργανισμός έρευνας --- истраживачко тело --- comhlacht taighde --- výzkumný ústav --- organisme de recherche --- instytucje naukowe --- Forschungsstelle --- istraživačko tijelo --- mokslinių tyrimų įstaiga --- forskningsorgan --- изследователска организация --- forskningsorganisation --- tutkimuselin --- kutatóintézet --- laboratorio de investigación --- sipërmarrje kërkimi --- istituto di ricerca --- centre de recherche --- instituto de investigación --- vědecko-výzkumné pracoviště --- uurimisettevõte --- výzkumná laboratoř --- vědecké pracoviště --- research laboratory --- researchonderneming --- organismo di ricerca --- laboratorio di ricerca --- pētniecības laboratorija --- institución científica --- forskningslaboratorium --- forskningsvirksomhed --- výzkumná stanice --- mokslo įstaiga --- uurimislabor --- Forschungsunternehmen --- istraživački laboratorij --- tutkimuslaitos --- laborator kërkimi --- istraživački institut --- výzkumné pracoviště --- laboratório de investigação --- institut kërkimi --- tutkimuslaboratorio --- institut scientifique --- forskningscentrum --- impresa di ricerca --- mokslinė laboratorija --- истражувачки центар --- Forschungszentrum --- kutatóközpont --- mokslo institutas --- empresa de investigación --- výskumný ústav --- výskumné laboratórium --- uurimisinstituut --- εργαστήριο ερευνών --- research undertaking --- empresa de investigação --- entreprise de recherche --- research institute --- tutkimusyritys --- ινστιτούτο ερευνών --- forskningsinstitut --- kutatóvállalat --- Forschungslabor --- mokslinė įmonė --- instituto de investigação --- zinātniskās pētniecības institūts --- laborator de cercetare --- forskningsföretag --- researchlaboratorium --- institut de recherche --- pētniecības uzņēmums --- kutatólaboratórium --- Forschungsinstitut --- κέντρο ερευνών --- onderzoeksinstelling --- výskumný podnik --- ίδρυμα ερευνών --- vědecké středisko --- laboratoire de recherche --- tyrimai --- intellectual property law --- economics --- development studies

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The Global Innovation Index (GII) aims to capture the multi-dimensional facets of innovation by providing a rich database of detailed metrics for 126 economies, which represent 90.8% of theworld’s population and 96.3% of global GDP. Today a wide range of high-, medium-, and low-income countries are using the GII as a tool for action to improve innovation performance—often at the prime ministerial and ministerial level, and often with specific cross-ministerial task forces comprising a large variety of relevant innovation stakeholders.The GII 2018 marks the 11th edition of the GII, and the beginning of its second decade providing data and insights gathered from tracking innovation across the globe. The GII work contributes on two important fronts: By collecting innovation metrics, it assists countries to better assess their innovation performance; and by identifying strengths and challenges, it helps empower countries to improve their innovation policies by leveraging strengths and overcoming challenges. By pursuing these two objectives, the GII has helped to shape the innovation measurement and the innovation policy agenda of the countries it analyses.This year’s edition, The Global Innovation Index 2018: Energizing the World with Innovation, is dedicated to the theme of energy innovation. The GII 2018 analyses the energy innovation landscape of the next decade and identifies possible breakthroughs in fields such as energy production, storage,distribution, and consumption. It also looks at how breakthrough innovation occurs at the grassrootslevel and describes how small-scale renewable systems are on the rise.